Introduction Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman § 1) proclaims contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in restraint of trade or commerce to be illegal. Thus, for an agreement to fall within Sherman § 1’s boundaries, there must be a joining together of separate actors or entities. However, for over a century since the Sherman Act’s enactment, courts have struggled to draw the line between separate business entities and single entities. This distinction became more defined with the Supreme Court’s holding in… Read More

Introduction A controversy erupted on the video-sharing app TikTok in the summer of 2022, with audiences accusing a parenting influencer of exploiting her toddler daughter by posting compromising videos of her on the platform. The child’s mother, Jacquelyn, who runs the account @wren.eleanor, frequently shared videos of then-two-year-old Wren engaged in everyday activities such as riding a bicycle, going to the park, and eating snacks with the duo’s 17.1 million followers. Jacquelyn also regularly posted paid partnerships with brands such… Read More

Introduction Data aggregation is ubiquitous. To widen credit access, lenders now use nonconventional sources of personal technological information to measure borrower creditworthiness. Alternative data credit scoring is touted as a useful solution for borrowers with little or no credit history or “thin credit files.” The supposedly neutral algorithm provides a predictive analysis of the borrower’s ability to repay, thus allowing the borrower to obtain credit within the formal banking network. Alternative data has the potential to expand access to financial… Read More

Introduction The topic of this symposium—Automating Bias—considers how artificial intelligence can produce, reinforce, and hide racial and other forms of discrimination in consumer finance. The animating intuition is that the complexity and opacity of algorithms and artificial intelligence in consumer lending create a greater need for disparate impact analysis to combat lending discrimination. This view was articulated forcefully by the current Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), Rohit Chopra, when he was still a commissioner at the Federal… Read More

Introduction Perfume is a powerful art and technology, but its secrets are closely held by a privileged few by some counts, there are more astronauts than there are perfumers. As critics have noted increasingly since 2020, those select few perfumers often share similar backgrounds. The Western perfume industry prizes perfumers with elite pedigrees, which often precludes marginalized perfumers. It also perpetuates non-Western cultures, that push some marginalized perfumers into teaching themselves perfumery. But teaching oneself through recreating and remixing existing… Read More