Antitrust and Two-Sided Platforms: The Failure of American Express

* Professor of Law, Seattle University School of Law; American Law Institute; Executive Committee, AALS Antitrust and Economic Regulation Section; Advisory Board, American Antitrust Institute; Advisory Board, Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies. This Article was presented at the annual meeting of the AALS Antitrust Section and the Antitrust Scholars Forum at University of California, Irvine School of Law. I want to thank the participants for their comments, especially Rebecca Haw Allensworth, Christine Pedigo Bartholomew, Aaron Edlin, Harry First, Christopher Leslie, John Newman, Steve Salop, Sean Sullivan, and Tod Zywicki. In addition, Rebecca Allensworth, Christine Pedigo Bartholomew, Brooke Coleman, Charlotte Garden, Warren Grimes, Keith Leffler, John Newman, and Heather Kirkwood read or discussed an earlier draft and provided excellent suggestions.